Trauma
Anatomical Abnormalities
Disorders of function
InflammationIschaemia and infarction
Metabolic disorders
Neoplasia
Other abnormalities of tissue growth, e.g. cysts, hyperplasia or hypertrophy


Common surgical procedures

Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the US, four are obstetric:
episiotomy,
repair of obstetric laceration,
cesarean section,
and artificial rupture of the amniotic membrane.